Dr. CARLO BRAVI
Consultant Urologist and Andrologist
Robotic and Minimally Invasive Urological Surgeon
Blood in the Urine (Haematuria): Causes and Tests
Blood in the urine, medically known as haematuria, may be visible or detected only during a urine test. It can have several possible causes, ranging from urinary infections and kidney stones to conditions affecting the bladder, kidneys or prostate.
Blood in the urine should be medically assessed, even if it happens only once, there is only a small amount or you have no other symptoms.
Common Causes of Haematuria
Blood in the urine can come from anywhere in the urinary tract – kidneys, ureters, bladder, prostate (in men), or urethra. Causes include:
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Urinary tract infections (UTIs): Often associated with burning during urination and increased urgency or frequency.
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Kidney stones: Can cause significant pain in the side or back, along with blood in the urine.
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Enlarged prostate (BPH): Common in older men, may cause urinary changes and occasional blood in the urine.
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Kidney masses or bladder tumours: Both benign and malignant growths can cause haematuria, especially in older adults.
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Trauma or injury: A blow to the kidneys or bladder may result in blood in the urine.
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Strenuous exercise: In rare cases, heavy exercise may trigger haematuria (known as “runner’s haematuria”).
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Glomerular disease: Kidney disorders affecting the filtering units may present with microscopic haematuria.
How Is Haematuria Investigated?
The first goal of testing is to exclude urothelial cancer, which can affect the lining of the bladder, ureters, or kidneys. To do this, Mr Bravi will typically recommend:
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Flexible cystoscopy: A thin, flexible camera is inserted through the urethra to carefully examine the inside of the bladder and urethra. This is usually done in the office with local anaesthetic and takes just a few minutes.
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Imaging of the upper urinary tract: This may include an abdominal ultrasound or a CT scan to check the kidneys and ureters for stones, tumours, or structural abnormalities.
These two tests—cystoscopy and upper tract imaging—are standard in evaluating patients with visible blood in the urine or persistent non-visible haematuria, especially for those with risk factors like smoking.
Additional tests may include:
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Urinalysis and urine culture: To check for infection or signs of kidney disease.
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Urine cytology: A lab test to look for abnormal cells in the urine.
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Blood tests: To assess kidney function or rule out other systemic causes.
This comprehensive approach helps ensure that any serious issues are identified early and that benign causes are not overlooked.
When to See a Doctor
Even if you only see blood once, you should contact your healthcare provider. Blood in the urine is not a normal finding and should be evaluated—especially if it’s accompanied by pain, fever, difficulty urinating, or unexplained weight loss.
Bottom Line
Haematuria is a symptom—not a diagnosis. Finding and addressing the cause early can help prevent complications and ensure the best possible outcome.
Frequently Asked Questions
Clinical Sources and Further Information
Further information about blood in the urine and its investigation is available from:
These resources provide general information and do not replace an individual clinical assessment.
If you have noticed blood in your urine or require further assessment, Dr Carlo Bravi offers private urology consultations in Northampton and London.
